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Subprogramme 2, “NEW KEYS IN THE USE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY” The objective is to develop physical exercise programmes for the treatment of obesity and its complications, targeting both the adult population and the child population . The development of computer platforms stands out among the protocols that have been established .
Progress has been made in 2014 in the development of the programme for the Integrated Care of Childhood Obesity (PAIDO), with the introduction of programmes that improve the yield of physical exercise in the prevention/treatment of obesity, supported by modern technologies for evaluating the cardiorespiratory capability of obese children . A technological research unit, PEDITEC, between the UPV and Hospital General de Valencia, has been created to that end . The daily work of health care staff dedicated to managing obesity is done in conjunction with engineers who develop signal sensing software (detecting cardiorespiratory fitness, adrenergic activity, response to exercise) through mobile devices and smart fabrics . One of the projects being developed development has been funded in the FIPSE 2014 call for proposals of Instituto de Salud Carlos III . At the same time as customising therapy for physical exercise, parameters that non-invasively evaluate the vascular phenotype have been obtained as a marker of hemodynamic impairments in these children and their response to the physical exercise programme . In addition, an evaluation protocol has been written for measuring psychological aspects related to the measurement of physical activity in children (subjective fatigue, attentional processes, affection, motivation, barriers, etc .) because there were hardly any adapted instruments in the Spanish sample for evaluating these aspects in children . Furthermore, a search for an extensive sample of children has been conducted in order to validate and analyse the psychometric properties within said sample . These instruments will be used in a series of experiments the objective of which is to study the mechanisms involved when children go from being sedentary to being active . The mechanisms that will be investigated by means of different experiments are: attentional strategies, induction of positive emotions, induction of self-efficiency and use of modelling strategies . At the same time this was being done, two active video game prototypes have been developed to promote physical activity in children who are obese and overweight, and it is currently undergoing validation . Interaction between physical exercise and BMI has been evaluated in adults, extreme weight situations (including obesity and anorexia) being evaluated . Therefore, for example, it has been determined that low physical activity in obese individuals may be due to an interaction between psychological and biological factors: obese individuals show a temperamental profile and endocannabinoid levels different from the controls .
Nutritional intervention studies have been conducted in severely obese adolescents, and it was observed that a low-calorie diet together with a physical activity programme involves a weight reduction and an improvement in plasma inflammatory and endothelial parameters . In obese adolescents, the vascular niche is severely affected and takes much longer to recover, even when the inflammatory parameters normalise . It has already been determined in adults, in an analysis in a Mexican population, that there is no evident relation between the components of metabolic syndrome and the level of physical activity in this population . Furthermore, it has been characterised that regular training increases antioxidant defences and reduces oxidative damage markers, and this effect is enhanced by supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids, which also reduces inflammation markers associated with regular training or with intense physical exercise . In summary, the proposed objectives, including the creation of new collaborations, which have translated into interesting results in the field of the prevention and treatment of obesity, have been satisfactorily met in 2014 . The results, in the form of prevention biomarkers, strategies for increasing the energy dissipating capability and exercise protocols specifically adapted for reducing obesity and cardiometabolic risk, are undoubtedly a huge advancement and will have very relevant applications in the fight against obesity .
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